Ubwinshi, Ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe ingufu (IEA) mbere cyasohoye “Raporo idasanzwe ku bijyanye no gutanga amasoko ya Photovoltaque ku isi hose”, yerekana ko kuva mu 2011, Ubushinwa bwashoye miliyari zisaga 50 z'amadolari y'Abanyamerika mu rwego rwo kwagura ubushobozi bw'ibikoresho bifotora, bikubye inshuro 10 i Burayi.Ubushinwa bwahanze imirimo irenga 300.000;Inganda zikora amafoto y’amashanyarazi mu Bushinwa zifite byibuze 80% by’ubushobozi bw’umusaruro w’isi ku masoko yose akomoka ku mirasire y’izuba, uhereye ku bikoresho bya silikoni, ingunguru ya silicon, wafer kugeza selile na modules, muri byo biri hejuru cyane ni ibikoresho bya silikoni (79.4%), na hejuru ni silicon ingot (96.8%).IEA irahanura kandi ko mu 2025, Ubushinwa butanga umusaruro mu masano amwe azagera kuri 95% cyangwa arenga.

Ntibitangaje kubona IEA izakoresha “kuganza” kugira ngo isobanure uko inganda z’amafoto y’Ubushinwa zihagaze, ndetse zikavuga ko zibangamiye urwego rutanga amashanyarazi ku isi hose. guverinoma zigomba gukemura. ”Niba urebye neza, birashimishije kurushaho kubona igitekerezo cyo muri“ New York Times ”gifata inganda z’amafoto y’Ubushinwa nk’ikibazo gikomeye."Igitekerezo cyiterabwoba" cyanyuma gishobora kuba 5G.

Ariko imirasire y'izuba ntabwo ihuza ryonyine murwego rwagaciro rwa PV rwiganjemo ibigo byabashinwa.Iyi ngingo yibanze ku kindi gikoresho kitazwi, ariko kimwe kimwe muri sisitemu yo kubyara amashanyarazi-inverter ya Photovoltaque.

Inverter, umutima n'ubwonko bwa Photovoltaics

Inverteri ya Photovoltaque irashobora guhindura umuyoboro utaziguye wakozwe na moderi yizuba izuba uhinduranya numuyoboro uhindagurika kandi ushobora gukoreshwa mubikorwa nubuzima.Inverter ishinzwe kandi kongera ingufu zamashanyarazi yibikoresho bifotora no gutanga sisitemu yo kurinda amakosa, harimo ariko ntibigarukira kubikorwa byikora no guhagarika imirimo, ibikorwa byinshi byo kugenzura ingufu zikurikirana, urukurikirane rwibikorwa bisabwa na sisitemu ihuza imiyoboro, nibindi. .

Muyandi magambo, imikorere yibanze ya inverter ya Photovoltaque irashobora kandi kuvugwa muri make nko gukurikirana imbaraga nini zisohoka za module ya fotovoltaque, no kugaburira ingufu zayo muri gride hamwe nigihombo gito cyo guhinduka hamwe nubuziranenge bwiza.Hatariho "umutima n'ubwonko" by'iyi sisitemu ya Photovoltaque, amashanyarazi akorwa ningirabuzimafatizo zuba ntizishobora kuboneka kubantu.

Urebye aho urwego rwinganda ruhagaze, inverter iherereye hepfo yinganda zifotora, kandi yinjira mumurongo mugikorwa cyo kubaka sisitemu yo kubyara amashanyarazi (uko yaba imeze kose).

Uhereye kubiciro, igipimo cya fotovoltaque inverters mugiciro ntabwo kiri hejuru.Mubisanzwe, igipimo cya sisitemu ya Photovoltaque yagabanijwe irarenze iy'amashanyarazi manini manini.

Inverters ya Photovoltaque ifite uburyo butandukanye bwo gutondekanya, busanzwe kandi bworoshye kubyumva, kandi butandukanijwe nubwoko bwibicuruzwa.Hariho ubwoko bune: hagati, umugozi, gukwirakwizwa na micro inverter.Muri byo, micro-inverter iratandukanye cyane nibindi bikoresho bitatu, kandi irashobora gukoreshwa gusa muri sisitemu ntoya yo kubyara amashanyarazi, nka fotokopi yo murugo, kandi ntabwo ibereye sisitemu nini.

Urebye kugabana ku isoko, imirongo ihinduranya ifata umwanya wiganje, inverteri ikomatanya iri ku mwanya wa kabiri hamwe n’ikinyuranyo kinini, kandi ubundi bwoko bwabazwe bike cyane.Dukurikije imibare yatanzwe na CPIA, inverteri yimigozi igera kuri 69,6%, inverteri ihuriweho na 27.7%, inverters yagabanijwe ifite umugabane w isoko hafi 2.7%, kandi inverteri nto ntizigaragara.imibare.

Impamvu ituma ibicuruzwa bigezweho byinjira cyane muburyo bwumugozi ni uko: imbaraga za voltage ikora ni nini kandi ubushobozi bwo kubyara ingufu bukomeye mumucyo muto;inverter imwe imwe igenzura ibice bike bya batiri, mubisanzwe ni mirongo gusa, ikaba ari nto cyane ugereranije na inverteri yo hagati Umubare wibihumbi byamashanyarazi, ingaruka zo kunanirwa gutunguranye kubikorwa rusange byamashanyarazi ni bike;ibikorwa no kubungabunga ibiciro ni bike, gutahura amakosa biroroshye byoroshye, kandi mugihe habaye ikosa, igihe cyo gukemura ibibazo ni gito, kandi kunanirwa no kubungabunga bitera igihombo gito.

Icyakora, hakwiye gushimangirwa ko usibye amashanyarazi manini manini, inganda zifotora zifite kandi ibintu byinshi byihariye byo gusaba, kandi hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwamashanyarazi yakwirakwijwe, nkamafoto yo murugo, amafoto yo hejuru yinzu, inzu ndende yamafoto yububiko urukuta rw'umwenda, n'ibindi.Kubikoresho nkibi bifata amashanyarazi, leta nayo ifite gahunda zijyanye.Kurugero, muri gahunda yo gushyira mubikorwa gahunda yo gushyira ingufu za karubone mu iyubakwa ry’imijyi n’icyaro yatanzwe na Minisiteri y’imiturire n’iterambere ry’imijyi n’icyaro na komisiyo y’igihugu ishinzwe iterambere n’ivugurura muri Nyakanga, havugwa ko mu 2025, inyubako nshya z’ibigo bya Leta, Igisenge igipimo cya Photovoltaque igipimo cyinyubako nshya yubatswe kizagera kuri 50%.Uburyo butandukanye bwo gukoresha ibintu bukenera ibintu bitandukanye byifashishwa mu guhinduranya amafoto, kandi hamwe n’iterambere ryihuse ry’inganda zifotora, ingaruka ziterwa n’ikoranabuhanga mu nganda ntizishobora kwirengagizwa, bigatuma imiterere y’isoko ry’imashini zifotora zitamenyekana.

Ku bijyanye n’ubunini bw’isoko, hakwiye kuvugwa ko kubera ko sosiyete zirenze imwe zikomeye mu nganda zivunjisha zitashyizwe ku rutonde, gutangaza amakuru atuzuye byateje ibibazo bimwe na bimwe by’imibare, bigatuma habaho itandukaniro rinini mu makuru yatanzwe n’ibigo bitandukanye bitewe na Ingaruka ya kaliberi.

Urebye ingano yisoko, ukurikije imibare yoherejwe: IHS Markit ya PV inverter yoherejwe muri 2021 ni 218GW, umwaka ushize kwiyongera hafi 27%;Amakuru ya Wood Mackenzie arenga 225GW, Umwaka-mwaka wiyongereyeho 22%.

Impamvu inganda zikora fotokoltaque zifite ubudahangarwa butandukanye biterwa ahanini ninyungu nini yibiciro yazanywe nubushobozi buhamye bwo kugenzura ibiciro byinganda zo murugo.Kuri iki cyiciro, hafi ya buri bwoko bwa inverter mu Bushinwa bufite inyungu igaragara neza, kandi ikiguzi kuri watt ni 50% gusa cyangwa 20% yikiguzi cyo hanze.

Kugabanya ibiciro no kongera imikorere nicyerekezo cyo gutezimbere

Kuri iki cyiciro, inverters zo mu rugo zashyizeho inyungu runaka zo guhatanira, ariko birumvikana ko ibyo bidasobanuye ko nta bishoboka ko habaho iterambere ryiza mu nganda.Inzira nyamukuru yo kugabanya ibiciro kumashanyarazi azaza azibanda kubintu bitatu: kwimakaza ibice byingenzi, kuzamura ingufu zamashanyarazi no guhanga udushya.

Kubireba imiterere yikiguzi, ibikoresho bitaziguye bya inverteri ya fotovoltaque bifite igice kinini cyane, kirenga 80%, gishobora kugabanywamo ibice bine: amashanyarazi yumuriro (cyane cyane IGBTs), ibice bya mashini (ibice bya pulasitike, bipfa gupfa, imirasire, Urupapuro rw'ibyuma, nibindi), ibikoresho byingirakamaro (ibikoresho byo kubika, ibikoresho byo gupakira, nibindi), nibindi bikoresho bya elegitoronike (capacator, inductor, imiyoboro ihuriweho, nibindi).Igiciro rusange cyibikoresho bikoreshwa muri inverteri yifoto yibasiwe cyane nibikoresho fatizo byo hejuru, ingorane zumusaruro ntizihagije, irushanwa ryisoko rimaze kuba rihagije, gukomeza kugabanya ibiciro biragoye, kandi umwanya wo guhahirana ni muto, udashobora gutanga byinshi ubufasha bwo gukomeza kugabanya ibiciro bya inverter.

Ariko ibikoresho bya semiconductor biratandukanye.Imbaraga za semiconductor zingana na 10% kugeza 20% byigiciro cya inverter.Nibice byingenzi kugirango bamenye imikorere ya DC-AC ya inverter, kandi bagena neza imikorere yibikoresho.Ariko, kubera inzitizi zikomeye zinganda za IGBTs, urwego rwaho muri iki cyiciro ntabwo ruri hejuru.

Ibi bituma imbaraga za semiconductor zifite imbaraga zo kugena ibiciro kuruta ibindi bikoresho.Nibura kandi rya semiconductor ku isi no kwiyongera kw'ibiciro kuva mu 2021 byatumye habaho igitutu kigaragara ku nyungu za inverters, kandi inyungu rusange y'ibicuruzwa yagabanutse cyane.Hamwe niterambere ryihuse ryimyororokere yimbere mu gihugu, inganda za inverter ziteganijwe kumenya ko izasimburwa ryaho rya IGBTs mugihe kiri imbere kandi bikagabanuka muri rusange.

Ubwiyongere bw'ubucucike bw'amashanyarazi bivuga iterambere ry'ibicuruzwa bifite imbaraga nyinshi munsi yuburemere bumwe, cyangwa ibicuruzwa byoroheje munsi yingufu zimwe, bityo bikagabanya ibiciro byagenwe byibice byubatswe / ibikoresho bifasha no kugera kubisubizo bigabanya ibiciro.Urebye ibipimo byibicuruzwa, inverters zitandukanye zirimo guhora zitezimbere imbaraga zipimwe nubucucike bwimbaraga.

Tekinoroji ya tekinoroji irasa neza.Inganda za inverter zirashobora kugera kubigenzura no kurushaho gufungura inyungu zinyuranye mugutezimbere ibicuruzwa, kugabanya ibikoresho, kunoza imikorere, no guhinduranya ibikoresho byiza.

Isi ikurikira, kubika ingufu?

Usibye gufotora, ikindi cyerekezo cyisoko ryinganda zubu ni ububiko bushyushye buringaniye.

Amashanyarazi ya Photovoltaque, cyane cyane akwirakwizwa na sisitemu ya Photovoltaque, ifite ibihe bisanzwe kandi bihindagurika.Kwihuza na sisitemu yo kubika ingufu kugirango ugere kumashanyarazi adahoraho kandi ahamye nigisubizo kizwi cyane.

Kugirango uhuze ibikenewe na sisitemu nshya yingufu, Sisitemu yo Guhindura Imbaraga (PCS; rimwe na rimwe byitwa inverter yo kubika ingufu kugirango byumvikane neza) byaje kubaho.PCS ni sisitemu y'amashanyarazi ihuza sisitemu ya bateri na gride y'amashanyarazi kugirango hamenyekane impinduka zombi zingufu z'amashanyarazi.Ntishobora guhindura gusa imiyoboro ihinduranya mumashanyarazi itaziguye kugirango yishyure bateri mugihe cyumutwaro, ariko kandi irashobora guhindura umuyaga utaziguye muri bateri yabitswe kugirango uhindurwe mugihe cyumutwaro wo hejuru kandi uhuze na gride..

Nyamara, kubera imikorere igoye cyane, umuyoboro wamashanyarazi ufite imikorere isabwa murwego rwo kubika ingufu, bigatuma habaho ubwiyongere bukabije bwumubare wibikoresho byakoreshejwe, bishobora kuba hafi inshuro ebyiri ibyo guhinduranya amafoto asanzwe.Mugihe kimwe, imikorere igoye nayo izana inzitizi zubuhanga.

Mu buryo nk'ubwo, nubwo igipimo rusange kitari kinini cyane, inverter yo kubika ingufu zimaze kwerekana inyungu nziza, kandi inyungu yinyungu ifite inyungu nyinshi kurenza inverteri ya fotora.

Urebye uko inganda zifashe muri iki gihe, isoko ryo kubika ingufu mu mahanga ryatangiye kare, kandi icyifuzo kirakomeye kuruta mu Bushinwa.Amasosiyete yo mu gihugu ntarashyiraho isoko ryiganje risa n’ibigize bateri na inverter mu nganda.Nyamara, igipimo cyisoko ryibikoresho byo kubika ingufu muriki cyiciro ntabwo ari kinini, kandi hariho icyuho kinini hamwe na fotora ya fotora.Nta tandukaniro rigaragara mu guhatanira amasosiyete yo mu gihugu no mu mahanga, ibyo bikaba ahanini biva mu guhitamo ubucuruzi.

Ku mishinga, nubwo hariho inzitizi zimwe na zimwe za tekiniki, tekinoroji yo kubika ingufu zo kubika ingufu hamwe na fotora ya fotora ifite inkomoko imwe, kandi ntabwo bigoye cyane ko imishinga ihinduka.Kandi ku isoko ryimbere mu gihugu, rishingiye ku nganda na politiki, inganda zibika ingufu zinjiye mu gihe cy’iterambere ryihuse, hamwe n’iterambere ryinshi ry’isoko ndetse n’inganda zikomeye, ibyo bikaba ari inzira isobanutse neza y’iterambere ry’ubucuruzi ku masosiyete akora inverter.

Mubyukuri, ibigo byinshi byungukiwe nibyifuzo byinganda zibika ingufu.Urebye imikorere muri 2021, imirongo yubucuruzi bwo kubika ingufu zamasosiyete menshi yerekanye iterambere rikomeye.Nubwo iri terambere rifite isano runaka nifatizo rito, birahagije kwerekana ko iterambere ryibikorwa byo kubika ibikoresho bijyanye no kubika ingufu bifite ibyiringiro bikomeye, kandi ntagushidikanya ko bifite ibitekerezo byiza byubucuruzi niterambere.

Inzira izaza yo kugabanya ibiciro byo kubika ingufu nazo zirasobanutse neza, zidatandukanye cyane na fotora ya fotora.Yibanze ku kugabanya igiciro cyibigize, cyane cyane gusimbuza aho amashanyarazi asimburana.Kubera ko umubare wibigize wakoreshejwe ari munini cyane, wakozwe mu gihugu Ingaruka yo kugabanya ibiciro yazanywe no gusimburwa irashobora kurushaho kwiyongera.

Niba ibigo bya inverter byihutisha iterambere ryibicuruzwa bihindura ingufu, bishingiye ku iterambere ryihuse ry’inganda zibika ingufu n’inyungu zashyizweho zo guhatanira amasoko ahuza imiyoboro ihuza imiyoboro, dufite impamvu zose zituma twizera ko inganda zaho zifite amahirwe yose yo gushingira ku Bushinwa Ibyiza byo gukora, kubyara iterambere ryinganda zifotora mumashanyarazi murwego rwo kubika ingufu, hamwe nubucuruzi bwubucuruzi bwimbere mu gihugu nabyo nibisubizo bisanzwe.